Basic Fire Concept
A fire is a rapid oxidation process that produces heat and light and various byproducts, depend upon reactant. basic of fire fighting must cleared the concept of Fire
Fuel + O2 → CO2 + Water + Heat
Methane Gas combustion Reaction
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Heat
It is a chemical reaction among heat, fuel and oxygen.
Chemistry of Fire
Triangle of Fire
Oxygen: is an essential part for combustion to occur.
Fuel: Fuel is the material that provides the sufficient energy to start combustion
Furthermore, addition of fuel will continue combustion reaction.
Fuel can be solid, plasma, liquid, and gas.
Heat: it is s source of energy needed to start a fire.
Tetrahedron of Fire
Tetra = four, addition of forth element in a triangle of Fire, chain reaction that enable combustion continue.
Tetrahedron is a concept that is used to illustrate the fourth element required for a sustained fire, which is chemical reaction.
When fuel is burnt, a chemical reaction occurs that releases energy as heat, light, and various byproducts.
Burning process will continue until all four ingredients are present.
Fire Classification
| A | Ordinary Combustibles | Extinguishing Methods: Water, foam, or dry chemical extinguishers. | |
| B | Flammable Liquids & Gases | Extinguishing Methods: Foam, CO₂, or dry chemical extinguishers. it’s crucial to shut off the gas supply if possible. | |
| C | Electrical fire | Extinguishing Methods: Non-conductive agents like CO₂ or dry chemical extinguishers; it’s advisable to disconnect the electrical supply if safe to do so. | |
| D | Combustible Metals | Extinguishing Methods: Specialized dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires. | |
| K | Fats/Kitchen Fire | Extinguishing Methods: Wet chemical extinguishers specifically designed for kitchen fires. |
Methods of Fire Spread
Conduction
In heat conduction, process of transmission energy (heat) from molecule to molecule by direct contact with each other
Convection
Transmission of energy (heat) from one point to the other through movement of heated particles.
Do you know
- Why Ocean’s water freeze top-down, not bottom-up.
- Why Bottom temperature of deep oceans is invariably 4ºC, even winter or summer.
Radiation
Transmission of energy (heat) in the form of wave or particle through space/material medium
Direct Burn
Direct contact of flame to ignite other materials.
Stages of Fire
1st Stage – Incipient / Ignition
Incipient is the initial combustion reaction of the fire, fuel source is ignited.
2nd Stage – Growth
Growth is the stage in which the fire increases in size and intensity.
3rd Stage – Fully Developed Fire
Fully developed is the stage in which the fire is burning at its maximum capacity and is consuming all of the available fuel.
4th Stage – Decay
Decay is the stage in which the fire begins to die down and is no longer consuming any fuel.
Fire Extinguishment
Cooling
The process of cooling involves reducing the temperature of the burning substance to a point where it can no longer support a fire.
Smothering
Smothering is a method for extinguishing a fire by blocking off the oxygen supply. This can be done by covering the burning substance in a fire blanket, sand, soil, or other non-flammable material.
Starvation
Starvation of a fire refers to the process of reducing the fuel supply to the fire. This can be done by closing off vents or doors, or by physically removing combustible material from the area.
Breaking Chain Reaction
Breaking the chain reaction of a fire is the process of interrupting the chemical chain reaction that occurs when a fire is burning. This can be done by removing the heat source, removing combustible material, or by cooling the burning material.
Firefighting Techniques
Assess the Scene
Before entering the structure, assess the scene from a safe distance.
Note the type of structure, the type of fire (smoke color, flame height, etc.), any potential hazards, and the presence of trapped occupants.
Establish Control
Establish command and control of the scene.
This includes creating a safety zone for personnel and establishing a water supply.
Attack the Fire
Use appropriate firefighting strategies to attack the fire. This may include a combination of offensive and defensive tactics.
Ventilate the Structure
Ventilate the structure to help remove smoke and heat. This will make it easier to locate and extinguish the fire.
Search for & Rescue Occupants
Search the structure for any trapped occupants.
Use caution when entering and exiting the structure.
Overhaul the Structure
After extinguishing Fire, it is important to thoroughly search the structure for any remaining hot spots or hazards.
This process is known as “overhaul.”
Basic Fire fighting Agents
Sand
Sand suffocate the fire by cutting down the oxygen supply and absorbing heat like other extinguishing materials
Water
Water is the most common type fire suppressant. By using water to cool the fire and reduce heat, the degree of heat that the flame emits is reduced.
Dry Chemicals
Dry chemical puts out a fire by breaking the chemical chain reaction that is causing it.
It is primarily applied to Class A, B and C fires.
Foam
Water, surfactants, and air are the three components of foam.
By cutting off the oxygen supply, it smothers the flames.
Others
Equipment falling under the Others category includes ladders, fire hoses, fire fighting nozzles, fire extinguishers, and thermal imaging cameras.
Emergency
basic of fire fighting includes what is an emergency
A situation in which a fire, explosion, material damage, destruction, or other occurrences pose a threat to human life, personnel health, the environment, business unit operations, property, or business continuity.
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
The steps you take to make sure you are safe before, during & after an emergency or natural disaster.
Type of Emergencies
Fire & Explosion
Spill & Releases
Fatalities/ lost time injury
Disaster
DETECTION, DECLARATION AND REPORTING
Any employee in premises hears or see any abnormality, must take the following steps immediately.
REPORT: Press call point or Report to control room through phone, walkie- talkie or by rushing
Himself and provide the following information
INFORM: Tell name, department
LOCATION: report incident location and type of emergency
DIRECTION: inform direction of Wind.
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